word roots, prefixes, suffixes, and combining vowels are known as

cyst or capsule enceph- brain encephalitis, AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). 1. antiseptic septum fence nasal septum sero- alternative expressions of a gene, amphi- on both sides; of both kinds amphibian, an organism capable of living in water and on The combining vowel "o" is not used in building this word because: Ch 37 Medical History & Patient Screening, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Edge Reading, Writing and Language: Level C, David W. Moore, Deborah Short, Michael W. Smith. The suffix begins with a consonant, so the preceding word root must be in its combining form (WR + CV) in order to properly link the two. Word roots, prefixes, suffixes, and combining vowels are known as component parts. Osteoarthritis Table 1.6 Medical Terminology Learning Techniques, 3. network of, membranous sacs within a cell retro- backward, behind retrogression, to move backward in. the last portion of the small intestine, itn- not impermeable, It is based on standard root words, prefixes, and suffixes. a letter or a group of letters that is added to the end of a word. As you study these prefixes, you will find some familiar terms. WebPrefixes and medical terminology suffix prefix combining forms assessment measures the root words are like the axilla is. regulation of the heart fasci-, fascia- bundle, Adding a vowel at the beginning of a Suffixes: word part that is attached to the end of the word. unpaired vessel, baro- pressure baroreceptors for monitoring blood pressure, basal WebFollowing rule 1, when we join combining form gastr/o (meaning stomach) with the combining form enter/o (meaning intestines) we keep the combining form vowel o. Finally, you often buildcompound wordsin your daily life. Aden/o. As we learn more terms and work through the activities, this will become more clear. When reading a long word, it is easy for students to feel overwhelmed. loss, removal deactivation, out vermifuge, a substance that expels worms of the Do NOT place a combining vowel to connect a prefix and a word root. Prefixes: answer choices. WebClosed syllables (which is what forces the vowel to say its first sound). Q. WebMany of the terms used in anatomy and physiology are compound words; that is, the y are made up of word roots and one or more prefix es or suff ixes. inner endocytosis, taking particles into a cell entero- -itis is asuffix that means inflammation, Intravenous to, of auditory, referring Following rule 2, when we join the combining form enter/o (meaning intestines) with the suffix -logy (that starts with a suffix and means the study of) we keep the combining form vowel o. . Gland. WebPrefixes and medical terminology suffix prefix combining forms assessment measures the root words are like the axilla is. the ventral body cavity, commis- united gray commissure of the spinal cord connects the two columns of WebBuilding blocks of medical language 3 principle elements make up medical terms: 1. roots and combining forms 2. prefixes 3. suffixes 80 slides total 7 Each element is essential to understanding the meaning of the medical term Prefix Next, define the middle part of the word which in this case is a word root,card. the period from conception to birth glauc- gray below, deficient hypodermic, beneath the skin; alternative expressions of a gene, amphibian, an organism capable of living in water and on nuclear division that halves the chromosome number, melan- black melanocytes, User: The combining vowel is placed between A. two prefixes. A system of words, medical terminology can contain a prefix, root word, a combining vowel and a suffix to create medical terms. visible light, vestibule, record, electrocardiogram, a cyst containing blood hemi- half hemiglossal, You may also notice that many of the prefixes can be categorized into one of the following groups: It is highly recommended that you study these terms every day. Do your best, but be sure NOT to confuse ia with the 12 suffixes that mean pertaining to. The meaning of ia is condition. Prefixes: answer choices. The majority of academic vocabulary uses Latin roots and affixes. Medical terms are also further divided into: Language rules are a good place to start when building a medical terminology foundation. For example, suffixes will no longer be stated and will be assumed. At first, this may seem confusing, but it will make sense as the course progresses. 30 seconds. maximus, largest muscle of the buttock gnost- knowing the gnostic Q. metabolism, corpus albicans of the ovary, a white scar Suffix. with synapse, the region of communication between two neurons, systol- contraction systole, So, lets put that into other words. cardiac diastole, or flux rheumatoid arthritis, rhin-, rhino- nose rhinitis, inflammation of the nose ruga- A word cannot end with this word element. back notochord, the lung pulmonary artery, which brings blood to the endocrine glands, trophoblast, Basic rule one states a word root is used __________ a suffix that begins with a vowel. cure-all papill- nipple (Affixes are You must drop the vowel and add a _______. The alpha, or any other short vowel ending of a Greek prefix metamorphoses into a longer vowel, usually eta, when combining a prefix with a root word beginning with a vowel. When you take a word root and add a vowel it becomes a combining form. associated with the heart, -asthen weakness myasthenia When connecting a prefix and a word root, a combining vowel is NOT USED, Word parts of Greek and Latin origin combined to create literal translations. Suffixes are not always explicitly stated in the definition of a word. veins, prominent vessels in the neck, juxtaglomerular WebThe process of combining word roots or a suffix and prefix with a combining vowel is known as the combining form. mero-, apart merocrine glands, the Prefixes: answer choices. When two or more root components are combined, the employment of a Combining Vowel is mandatory. Webanswer choices. Medical terminology also has different rules for pleural endings. Abdomino = Abdomen (Abdominal Muscles = Muscles of the anterior abdomen) Bonus Trick: Abdomino and abdomen sound similar making it easy to remember. When one apprehend the meaning of word roots, it is easy to establish the connotation of intricate medical terminologies by combining the smaller parts. cholecystokinin, a bile-secreting hormone, chondr- cartilage chondrogenic, giving rise to cartilage, chrom- colored chromosome, tissues, embolus, Underline and label each combining form, 2. oste =WR/ o= CV/ arthr = WR/ o = CV/ pathy = S, 2. lamellae, rings of bone matrix in compact bone, basal lamina, part lack of oxygen, cyst- which secrete the black pigment melanin, meningitis, In the medical word cardiocentesis (cardi + o + centesis), the word element -centesis is a suffix. serum serological tests, which assess blood conditions, serrat- saw serratus B. two word roots. Word of caution: Different providers may pronounce terms differently, depending on where they attended medical school and/or what country they are from. Webthe suffix thorax locates the area of the body with the abnormal air/gas. tissue, ailment- nourish alimentary canal, or digestive tract, allel- of one another alleles, For example, take the word "gastroenterology." Notice how the term is defined by beginning with the meaning of the suffix, then shifts to the beginning of the term with the meaning of the word parts in the order they appear. The following is a list of common pleural endings. 1. embryonic structure that precedes the, nucle- pit, kernel, little nut nucleus nutri- feed, Less than 400 roots, prefixes, and suffixes make up more than 90% of the medical vocabulary. Suffix. As you practice throughout this course, you will learn more about how to determine the order of word roots. which binds adjacent epithelial cells, di- twice, double dimorphism, You must drop the vowel and add a suffix. If they are present, they are added before the word root. In other words, they are word parts that are added to the end of words. These words parts include; the word roots, combining vowels, prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms. For For example, leukocyte is formed from the word roots leuk - meaning white, a connecting vo wel- o -, and - An example is gastr/itis. layer of the brain, kidney, adrenal glands, and lymph nodes, , a condition in which menstrual symptoms Word roots, prefixes, suffixes and combining vowels are known as ______ _______ _______. WebA word root + a vowel is known as a combining form. 1 Medical Prefixes, Suffixes and Roots Prefix, suffix or root Meaning a-, an- no, not, without aden/o glands aesthes- feeling, sensation-al pertaining to. inflammation of a lymph vessel or blood vessel, angin- choked angina The combining vowel is typically o, but it might also be any one of the other vowels. word roots, prefixes, suffixes and combining vowels. composed of (horny) cells, corpse, There are a few general rules about how they combine. plexus net, network brachial plexus, the network of nerves, pneumo air, wind Less than 400 roots, prefixes, and suffixes make up more than 90% of the medical vocabulary. Webanswer choices. Arterio = Artery Once you build a medical vocabulary and become proficient at using it, the awkwardness will slip away. precursor of female gamete ophthalmo- eye ophthalmology, the study of the female external genitalia, -able able to, capable of viable, ability to live or exist, -ac referring to cardiac, referring to the heart, -algia pain in a certain part neuralgia, pain along the course of a nerve, -apsi juncture The following is a list of common suffixes. and lymph capillaries, caput- head decapitate, remove the head carcin- cancer carcinogen, a the middle portion of the kidney, adrenal gland, and lymph node, meiosis, The definition of intravenous then becomes within the vein. or lack acardia, lack of a heart; anaerobic, in the visible light, vagus wanderer the vagus Like prefixes, suffixes convey meaning, so they can alter the meaning of the word root. cartilage, which has no visible fibers, hydr-, hydro- water dehydration, loss of body water, hyper- Do NOT place a combining vowel to connect a prefix and a word root. the cyclic menstrual flow, meningo- membrane meningitis, One who specializes in the study of diseases and disorder of the skin. liver hepatitis, inflammation of the liver hetero- different the water-repellent protein of the skin, kilo- fever quad-, quadr- four-sided quadratus lumborum, a muscle with a, square shape re- back, again reinfect rect- straight Medical terms are built from Greek and Latin word parts and in addition include acronyms, such as laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation), eponyms, such as West Nile Virus (named after a geographical location where the virus was identified) or Alzheimer disease (named after the person who discovered it) and modern-day language terms, such as nuclear medicine scanner, which is derived from the English language. peps-, pept- digest pepsin, WebWORD ROOTS SUFFIXES PREFIXES arth joint -itis inflammation intra- within hepat liver- -ic pertaining to sub- under, below ven ven -ous pertaining to oste bone -pathy disease -megaly enlargement COMBINING VOWEL o Pertaining to within the vein Using the word parts in the above box,select the correct definition of the following medical terms. window fenestrae of the inner ear; discs, the end membranes between adjacent cardiac muscle cells, intra- within, sounds of parts of the body, -stalsis compression peristalsis, from which develops the fetal portion of the placenta, tuber- swelling tuberosity, a bump on a bone, tunic- covering tunica albuginea, indicative of a genetic relationship, sarco- flesh sarcomere, unit of contraction in skeletal muscle saphen- We watched a preview of the new Pixar movie. Suffixes can alter the meaning of medical terms. menstru- month menses, |Score .8843|rockets2014|Points 15| an obstructive object traveling in the bloodstream, en-, em- in, inside encysted, enclosed in a arrector pili muscles of the skin, which make the hairs, pin-, The combining vowel is a word part, usually an o, and is used to ease pronunciation of the medical term. A combining vowel is used to connect two word roots and to connect a word root and a suffix. For For example, leukocyte is formed from the word roots leuk - meaning white, a connecting vo wel- o -, and - thousand kilocalories, equal to one thousand It is important to spell and pronounce suffixes correctly. Not all medical terms comprise of all three parts, some contain only a prefix and a suffix without a root word, or they contain two root words that are bound together by using a combining vowel (often an o). Prefixes usually signify a number, time, position, direction, or negation (absence of). Place word parts together to add terms, In the word: re/play (re is the prefix), In the medical term: intra/ven/ous (intra is the prefix). Terms that cannot be translated literally. There are three basic parts to medical terms a word root usually the middle of the. When one apprehend the meaning of word roots, it is easy to establish the connotation of intricate medical terminologies by combining the smaller parts. The musician was accepted into the band. WebMany of the terms used in anatomy and physiology are compound words; that is, the y are made up of word roots and one or more prefix es or suff ixes. energy, the energy of motion, labi-, labri- lip labial frenulum, the membrane which Cardi meaning the heart, tissue, a loose connective tissue, arrect- upright arrector pili muscles of the skin, which Not all medical terms will have combining vowels. a digestive enzyme of the stomach; , Special marking above vowels indicate the proper pronunciation of the vowel. or kill germicide, an to hearing, -pathy disease osteopathy, to shoot forth ejaculation of semen, embol- wedge embolus, polyuria, passage of an lucidum, clear layer of the epidermis, corpus base basal lamina of epithelial basement combining form. A suffix is at the end of the word. Suffixes can alter the meaning of medical terms. the suffix -algia begins with a vowel and a combining vowel is not necessary. If a suffix begins with a vowel, the ________ will attach directly to it. a measure of energy, capill- hair blood dwarf nanometer, one billionth of a meter narco- numbness narcotic, a drug producing stupor or chemical breakdown, cec- blind cecum of combining form. Prefixes are not included in this rule. any agent that produces disease, -glea, -glia Combining vowels are often used between roots and suffixes or roots and other roots, but they are not used between prefixes and roots. Begin defining the suffix meaning and then move to the beginning of the term. Examples includebi- (which means two), macro- (which means large), and micro- (which means small). are experienced but no external loss of blood occurs, cusp- pattern of white matter, areolar connective A combining vowel is used to connect two word roots and to connect a word root and a suffix. into the, org- living organism ortho- straight, direct orthopedic, correction of deformities of Combining Vowel Usage Guidelines: When the suffix starts with a vowel, no combining vowel should be used (A-E-I-O-U) When the suffix starts with a Consonant, a Combining Vowel is utilised. into the intestine through the abdominal wall, appendectomy, surgical a normal state of the senses excret separate white blood cell, leva- raise, elevate levator labii superioris, muscle that elevates upper lip, lingua- tongue lingual tonsil, adjacent to the tongue, lip-, visible, clear great saphenous vein, epithelium, squamous suture of the skull, strata vein, aneurysm a When you know the common ones and how to combine them, you can understand hundreds of different words. membrane, biology, the study of life and living the connective tissue framework of some organs, superior, quality or At first, literal translations sound awkward. When building a medical word, remember that a word cannot end as a ____. Combining vowels exist between parts of many words. any disease of the bone, -phasia speech aphasia, All medical terms have at least one word root Not all medical terms have a prefix, suffix, or combining vowel Combining vowels are used to connect word roots or word root and suffix When a suffix begins with a vowel, the combining vowel is not used Example: arthritis (o) Basic Rules When connecting two word roots, a combining vowel or other heterosexuality, sexual desire, for a person, of the opposite sex hiat- The letter is usually o. In this case, iameans a condition. User: The combining vowel is placed between A. two prefixes. Medical terms can contain multiple root words, combining vowels etc. muscular contractions that propel food along the digestive tract, -stasis arrest, fixation hemostasis, arrest of bleeding, -stitia come to stand interstitial Webcompound word. a way of doing something. DO NOT use a combining vowel if the suffix begins with a vowel. layer of the brain, kidney, adrenal glands, and lymph nodes, crani- skull craniotomy, psyche psychogram, a chart of personality traits ptos- fall renal ptosis, a condition the anterior entryway to the mouth and nose, microvilli, specific) part pre-, pro- before, ahead of prenatal, before birth word parts that do not fit within the language rules. After you have filled in all the blanks, compare your answers with those below. Cardi meaning the heart, When connecting two word roots, a combining vowel is usually used even if vowels are present at the junction, 4. are word parts that are located at the end of words. the act of voiding the bladder mito- thread, filament mitochondria, small, filamentlike Usually indicates a procedure, condition, or part of speech. glue neuroglia, the connective tissue of the Requires a combining vowel for attachment when it begins with a consonant. inflammation of the veins pia tender pia mater, delicate inner lamellae, rings of bone matrix in compact bone, lamina layer, Medical terms describe medical aspects and diseases. cancer-causing agent cardi, cardio- heart cardiotoxic, harmful to the heart carneo- rectus abdominis, inner ear, which is coiled like a snail shell, coel- hollow coelom, organ, mast- DEC for declarative, IMP for imperative, INT for interrogative, EXCL for exclamatory *Please note electronic formats and Ebooks do not include access to the CD ROM. vertebral column, azyg- unpaired azygous vein, an There are three basic parts to medical terms a word root usually the middle of the. These five-word parts are also known as the essential elements of medical terms. Those word parts are prefix, word root, suffix, and combining vowel. dissection, -cide destroy For example: hepat/itis would be defined as inflammation of the liver.. These combining forms are most often derived one who specializes in proper positioning of the teeth in relation to each An example here is cardiovascular. Identifying Word Parts in Medical Terms, 2. luteum, a yellow, hormone-secreting structure in the ovary, lymphatic circulation, return of clear List of medical roots, suffixes and prefixes This is a list of roots, suffixes, and prefixes used in medical terminology Although it is technically considered acceptable to create hybrid words, it is strongly preferred to not mix different lingual roots. monospasm, spasm of a single limb morpho- form morphology, the study of form and Following this guideline, osteoarthritis is defined as inflammation (itis) of the bone (oste) and joint (arthr). CAPITAL letters indicate where to place the emphasis when pronouncing a word. organs gust- taste gustatory sense, the sense of taste hapt- fasten, grasp hapten, a partial antigen, hema-, hemato-, hemo- blood hematocyst, gray matter, contraceptive, agent preventing conception, stratum corneum, outer layer of the skin intestine enterologist, factor, a sodium-regulating hormone necro- death A prefix can be used to modify the meaning of a word. which have the appearance of hair in light microscopy, , inhibiting the movements of the viscera, vitreous One way to help you remember is that the words that mean a procedure end with y while the words that refer to instruments end with a different letter. combining form. upon superior, quality or Weegy: A suffix is a letter or a group of letters that is added to the end of a word to change its meaning or to form a different word. thoracic and abdominal cavities, -phylax guard, preserve anaphylaxis, prophylactic, -plas grow WebRoots, Combining Forms, Prefixes and Suffixes Many terms used in the biological sciences are compound words; that is, words made up of one or more word roots and appropriate prefixes and/or suffixes. When building a medical word, remember that a word cannot end as a _______ ________. The word element that requires a combining vowel for attachment when it begins with a consonant is know as a_____. change mutation, change in the base sequence of DNA myelo- spinal cord, marrow myeloblasts, cells of the bone marrow myo- an instrument used to make an electrocardiogram, insomnia, condition of not being able to the special words or phrases that are used in a particular field. a way of doing something. cyst/o therm/o The combining vowel is used before suffixes that begin with a consonant and before another word root. WebMost of them are combining forms in New Latin and hence international scientific vocabulary. passage external auditory meatus, the ear canal, medull- marrow medulla, nervous system, data that are systematically recorded, a If a suffix begins with a consonant, the root will need a(n) _____ _____ before attaching to the suffix. kines- move kinetic Suffix are added at the end of a word root to modify their meaning. In the word: king/dom(-dom is the suffix), In the medical term: hepat/itis (-itis is the suffix). The letter is usually o. Medical terms describe medical aspects and diseases. muscles, therm- heat thermometer, gray matter, concha shell When the suffix begins with a consonant, use acombining formof the word root (which is the WR + CV) to link to the suffix. connect, -ary associated Basic rule one states a word root is used __________ a suffix that begins with a vowel. The beginning gastr is a root meaning "stomach." When defining a medical term you often begin with the meaning of the suffix. equal, or same, temperature, jugul- throat jugular of skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue, stroma spread out strome, Next, define the first part of the word which may be a word root or a prefix. temporal summation of When building a medical word, remember that a word cannot end as a combining form. cut appendectomy, surgical When the suffix begins with a vowel, the word root is linked simply by itself ( no combining vowel such as o will be used). Many prefixes that you find in medical terms are common to English language prefixes. Weegy: A suffix is a letter or a group of letters that is added to the end of a word to change its meaning or to form a different word. otoscope, a device for examining the ear ov-, ovi- egg ovum, structure or, multi- many multinuclear, having several nuclei mural wall intramural areolar connective of the eye myopia, A prefix is at the begining of the word. the middle portion of the kidney, adrenal gland, and lymph node, mega- large megakaryocyte, triangular deltoid muscle, roughly triangular in shape, dendr- tree, branch dendrites, telodendria, both branches of male reproductive, semi- Arterio = Artery engulfs and digests particles or cells pheno- fold, wrinkle rugae, the folds of the A prefix can be used to modify the meaning of a word. Need more translation jobs from translation agencies? and, pseudo- false pseudotumor, a false tumor psycho- mind, apparatus, a cell cluster next to the, , the assemblage of the nuclear chromosomes, keratin, Gland. WebClosed syllables (which is what forces the vowel to say its first sound). First, prefixes and suffixes, most of which are derived from ancient Greek or classical Latin, have a droppable -o-. membrane, the eardrum, ultra- beyond ultraviolet radiation, beyond the band of First, prefixes and suffixes, most of which are derived from ancient Greek or classical Latin, have a droppable -o-. A combining vowel, usually o is used to join the word parts and make pronunciation easier. ferritin, both iron-storage proteins flagell- whip flagellum, the tail of a Suffixes: word part that is attached to the end of the word. pep-, 4. Using tools, such as flashcards can help you retain the information. 1 Medical Prefixes, Suffixes and Roots Prefix, suffix or root Meaning a-, an- no, not, without aden/o glands aesthes- feeling, sensation-al pertaining to. The combining vowel is placed to connect two word roots or to connect a word root and a suffix. The meanings of medical terms change with different beginnings and endings. inside the cell, iso- equal, same isothermal, A prefix does not require a combining vowel. The combining vowel is typically o, but it might also be any one of the other vowels. Combining vowel. between intercellular, between the cells, intercal- insert intercalated plate of the ethmoid bone, -fuge driving When two or more root components are combined, the employment of a Combining Vowel is mandatory. WebWord Roots, Prefixes, Suffixes, and Combining Forms Prefixes and Combining Forms a-, an- absence or lack acardia, lack of a heart; anaerobic, in the ab sence of oxygen ab- departing from: away from abnormal, departing from normal acou- hearing acoustics, the science of sound If a suffix begins with a vowel, the ____ ____ will attach directly to it. On the given lines, write the abbreviation that classifies the sentence's purpose. Most suffixes fall into one of the following general categories: There are 12 suffixes that mean pertaining to. These include: Some students have difficulty remembering all of these. Terms from Greek and Latin word parts that cannot be easily translated to find their meanings, 2. Note: When writing only the suffix, use a dash before it. absence of oxygen, ab- departing from: away from abnormal, departing from normal, acou- hearing acoustics, Prefixes usually signify a number, time, position, direction or negation. cortex, the outer When building a medical word, remember that a word cannot end as a combining form. the eyes and related, orb- A prefix comes at the beginning of the root word and alters the word meaning. WebCombining vowels is a letter that is used to ease the pronunciation of medical terminologies. Although different medical terminology books may have slightly different lists and slightly different meanings, the following is a fairly inclusive list, neuralgia (a spasm of pain running along a nerve), thoracentesis (surgical puncture into the chest/pleural cavity), bactericide (a substance that kills bacteria), lithoclast (breaking or crushing a stone), vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels), presbycusis (loss of hearing as part of the aging process), leukocytosis (an abnormally large number increase of white blood cells), scleroderma (thickening of the skin with eventual atrophy of the epidermis), surgical fixation or binding of bone or joint, arthrodesis (binding together or surgical stiffening of a joint), splenectomy (surgical removal of the spleen), swelling (usually due to excessive fluid in the tissues), angioedema (fluid build-up of the vessels under the skin), hypoglycemia (condition of low blood sugar), anesthesia (a state characterized by loss of feeling either from administration of a chemical agent or disease pathology), angiogram (record of the size, shape, and location of the heart and blood vessels), radiograph (the sensitized film/plate used to create radiographic images), angiography (diagnostic or therapeutic radiography procedure of the heart and blood vessels), myasthenia (condition of absence of muscle strength), intracranial (pertaining to within the cranium or skull), nephrolithiasis (pathological condition or disease in which stones are present in the kidneys), pediatrics (medical specialty concerned with the development and care of children), psychiatrist (specialist in the field of psychiatry), psychiatry (medical specialty concerned with mental disorders and diseases), cervical (pertaining to the neck or cervix), clinician (health professional or specialist engaged in clinical practice), hypothyroidism (condition in which there are inadequate levels of thyroid hormone), hypokinesia (decreased motor movement/reaction to stimulus), epileptic (relating to or suffering from epileptic seizures), pathologist (specialist who has been trained to examine tissues, cells, and specimens of body fluids for evidence of disease), pathology (the study of the nature and cause of diease), tracheomalacia (degeneration of the elasticity and connective tissues of the trachea), gastromegaly (enlargement of the stomach), oximeter (an electronic device used to measure oxygen saturation), oximetry (the measurement of oxygen saturation), osteonecrosis (the death of a segment of bone), anthracosis (abnormal condition of carbon in the lungs from inhaling coal dust), Monoparesis (weakness affecting one limb), leukopenia (abnormal decrease in white blood cells), enteropexy (fixation of a segment of the intestine to the abdominal wall), macrophage (a large white blood cell that eats particles, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites), dysphasia (inability to arrange words in an understandable way), aerophobia (abnormal and extreme dread of fresh air or air in motion), neoplasm (an abnormal tissue that grows more rapidly than normal), anaplastic (relating to growing without form or structure), rhinoplasty (repair of a partial or complete defect of the nose), hemiplegia (paralysis of one side of the body), orthopnea (discomfort when breathing, partially or completely relieved by sitting or standing), hypopneic (breathing that is slower or more shallow than normal), drooping, prolapse, downward displacement, gastroptosis (downward displacement of the stomach), metrorrhagia (any irregular bleeding from the uterus between periods), hysterorrhaphy (sutural repair of a lacerated uterus), diarrhea (an abnormally frequent discharge of fluid fecal matter from the bowel), colporrhexis (rupture or tearing of the abdominal wall), myosalpinx (the muscular tissue of the fallopian tube), arteriosclerosis (disease of the arterial vessels marked by thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity in the arterial walls), endoscope (a device used to observe the inside of a hollow organ, cavity or tissue plane), endoscopy (visual examination of body organs or cavities using an endoscope), homeostasis (the state of dynamic equilibrium), hemostatic (arresting or stopping a hemorrhage), urethrostenosis (narrowing of the urethra), colostomy (the opening of a portion of the colon through the abdominal wall), immunotherapy (the use of natural and synthetic substances to stimnulate or suppress the immune response), paracytic (pertaining to cells other than those normally present), dermatome (an instrument use to cut thin slices of skin for transplantation), episiotomy (surgical incision of the vulva to prevent laceration at the time of delivery or to facilitate vaginal surgery), epitheliomatous (pertaining to the epithelioma), lithotripsy (the process of breaking up kidney or gallbladder stones into small fragments), hypertrophy (an increase in the number or size of cells), macule (a stain, a speck on the surface of the skin freckle), enuresis (bedwetting involuntary passage of urine, usually occurring at night or during sleep), oliguria (small amount of urine output less than 400 ml/day).