white lotus rebellion

"The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." In his opening speech, Satan vows never to "repent or change" (line 969696). White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. We are committed to providing our patients care in the same warm, caring, and professional manner we would extend to members of our own family. Szczepanski, Kallie. [1] As White Lotus sects developed, they appealed to many Han Chinese who found solace in the worship of Wusheng Laomu . The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). The Qings were from Manchuria, and they established their dynasty as a conquering force of the Ming dynasty by non-Chinese outsiders, maintaining that identity and organization throughout their 268-year reign. 22 Feb. 2023 . However, the date of retrieval is often important. [citation needed], For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10, "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 17961805", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Lotus_Rebellion&oldid=1139241640, Dai, Yingcong. The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912. The Last Emperor, 6-year-old Puyi, formally abdicated the throne on Feb. 12, 1912, ending not only the Qing dynasty but China's millennia-long imperial period. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. Ch'ien-lung (1711-1799) was the fourth emperor of the Ch'ing, or Manchu, dynasty in China. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. In 1774, one instance of a derivative sect, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing near the city of Linqing. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the densely forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless peasant refugees(liumin, see also shed people) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { Encyclopedia.com. The young pretender, Wang Fa-sheng, was never any other than a puppet in the hands of the leaders. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government in 1804, it marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. ." Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than four thousand soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. On assuming effective power in 1799, however, Emperor Chia Ch'ing (reigned 17961820) overthrew the Ho-shen clique and gave support to the efforts of the more vigorous Manchu commanders as a way of restoring discipline and morale. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. The elites' self-proclaimed position as outsiders contributed to their eventual demise. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). [11], The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. In China, the Qing Dynasty had just put down the White Lotus Rebellion, a tax protest that ultimately killed about 16 million people a reminder that mass death and population growth don't . //]]>. Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. Actual participation in sect activities had no impact on an arrest; whether or not monetary demands were met, however, did. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. In the period after about 1680 the introduction of corn (maize) and sweet potatoes, followed in the 18th century by the introduction of the Irish potato, made upland farming possible. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus members dedicated themselves to the overthrow of the alien Manchu and to the return of the previous Ming dynasty (13681644). At first the Ch'ing administration, under the control of Ho-shen, sent inadequate and inefficient imperial forces to suppress the ill-organized rebels. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. however it was indirectly responsible because it was the catalyst for the other rebellions that occurred in the future. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion. Japan stripped away Taiwan, took effective control of Korea (formerly a Chinese tributary) following the First Sino-Japanese War of 189596, and also imposed unequal trade demands in the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. 12 talking about this. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion.". The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. In 2014, with the publication of White Lotus Rebels and South China Pirates: Crisis and Reform in the Qing Empire (2014), Wensheng Wang challenged the perception of the Jiaqing reign (1796-1802) as a "dead middle hiatus" between its past and present by arguing that the emperor successfully carried out policy reforms that readjusted the priorities of governance and enabled the dynasty to . [4] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. ", Without any clear enemy to fight, brutality against civilians became more common. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol -led Yuan dynasty. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. The rebellion grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. Save up to $6,685 on one of 9 used Lotus Evora 400s in Frisco, TX. The rebellion soon grew in numbers and power, and eventually became a serious concern for the oppressive Amarr empire . The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). His rule covered a span of 63 years, a reign lo, Kublai Khan (2020, August 27). The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. When the White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804) occurred, the dynasty was forced to turn to peasant soldiers to suppress the rebels in central and southern China, since the regular army lacked the necessary strength and morale. However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. The balance of power had tipped decidedly away from the imperial court and toward the foreign powers. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). The White Lotus Rebellion White Lotus (Pai-lien chiao) sectarianism appealed to Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White . The Chinese authorities burned 20,000 bales of opium, and the British retaliated with a devastating invasion of mainland China, in two wars known as the Opium Wars of 183942 and 185660. Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. Updates? At the same time, technologies for treating contagious diseases such as smallpox, and the extensive use of fertilizers and irrigation techniques were also imported from the West. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. What anecdote, or short personal story, does Didion tell at the beginning of the essay "Georgia O'Keeffe"? In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. [4], Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608 (accessed March 4, 2023). [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. The rebels are all our own subjects. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. ", Dai, Yingcong. Only after 1800 did Beijing adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. The Qing state banned the religion, and it, The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. This book has since become an invaluable source in understanding the beliefs of these groups. By 1387, after more than thirty years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang had liberated all of China. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion."[7]. [9] The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. How did the Rebellion impact Qing society? Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. Then a turn of fortune and successive victories of the imperialists would almost annihilate their armies and crush all their hopes. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Eventually, the Qing armies and the peasants united, but they were unable to defeat the foreign powers. . Sun Yat-Sen emerged as China's first "professional" revolutionary, having gained an international reputation by being abducted by Qing agents in the Chinese Embassy in London in 1896. As a result of such technological improvements, the Chinese population exploded, increasing from just shy of 178 million in 1749 to almost 359 million in 1811; and by 1851, the population in Qing dynasty China was close to 432 million people. At first, farmers in regions adjacent to Mongolia worked for the Mongols, but eventually, the people in the overcrowded Hubei and Hunan provinces flowed out and into the region. One of the tools they used to stay in power was a very strict restriction on trade. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent . The White Lotus led impoverished slaves to freedom, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Update now. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Vast sums of money earmarked for the campaign against the rebels, however, were embezzled by the imperial favourite Heshen and his friends. He declared that to prevent the capture of the young prince when a child, he had fled with him and concealed him beyond the borders of China. ." The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. The rules of Emperor Kangxi from 1661 to 1772 and Emperor Qianlong from 1735 to 1796 were still considered the golden age of prosperity. The Qing dynasty promoted itself as a conquering force, ruling China for 268 years before collapsing in 19111912. What brought about the collapse of this once-mighty empire, ushering in the modern era in China? Social uprisings against the Qing began with the White Lotus uprising in 17961820. It took nine years of warfare and great loss of life before the rebellion was put down. 11-07-2011 03:30:12 ZULU. A White Lotus rebellion known as the Red Turban Uprising helped Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming dynasty, capture Beijing, but he turned against the group once he had achieved imperial power. Rather than following the path of Japan's Meiji Restoration and modernizing the country, Cixi purged her court of modernizers. The White Lotus Rebellion began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. [6] The group forecast the advent of Maitreya, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming Dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers while promising the return of the Buddha.[7]. After both died in battle in 1796, Beijing sent new officials but none were successful. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, he took the title Hongwu and founded a new dynasty - the Ming. As one Qing official complained: The rebels are all our own subjects. A decree from the Emperor Daoguang admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" Using the arrest of sectarian members as a threat, local officials and police extorted money from people. [2][3]. Chien-lung Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Barend Joannes Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. All our content comes from Wikipedia and under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[6]. The Rebellion is estimated to have caused the deaths of some 100,000 rebels.[1][2]. J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. As one Qing official complained:[9]. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). "Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History." The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus Read More Yuan dynasty In China: Foreign religions The French Revolution was now the French "rebellion" or "chaos," but in fact, the existence of leased territories and foreign concessions provided plenty of fuel and varying degrees of safety for radical opponents. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent of the Buddha, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers. "White Lotus Rebellion In its last stage, the Ch'ing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. International imperialism brought the Opium Wars (1840-42 and 1856-60), Sino-French War (1884-85), Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) and Boxer War (1898-1900). Explain semantic, declarative, episodic, and explicit memories. At the . Kublai Khan (1215-1294) was the greatest of the Mongol emperors after Genghis Khan and founder of the Yan dynasty in China., Tibet This signaled the beginning of the end for the Qing dynasty. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. Welcome to White Lotus Dental: At White Lotus Dental our goal is to provide the highest quality dental care in a comfortable, relaxed and friendly environment. The White Lotus rebellion was an eight year uprising that led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. In 1775, a chief of the White Lotus Society, named Liu Sung, was banished from Anhwei to Kansuh after sending people to the area under pretext of healing diseases by prayer and incantation, to gain adherents to his cause in Western China. Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History. The river flooded constantly, and other natural disasters also occurred. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Szczepanski, Kallie. The crippled Qing dynasty clung to power for another decade, behind the walls of the Forbidden City, but the Wuchang Uprising of 1911 put the final nail in the coffin when 18 provinces voted to secede from the Qing dynasty. Omissions? _____ us amazing stories about her youth in Hong Kong. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. Southern Shensi, with its great amounts of vacant land, attracted immigrants on a large scale after severe famines and crop failures had occurred in Hupeh and Szechwan provinces in the 1770s. France seized Southeast Asia, creating its colony of French Indochina. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. Althongh there were several risings against the Manchu dynasty during the first four reigns, the White Lotus Society kept quiet until about 1761, when the Emperor Kien-lung issued an edict against it and the Ming Tsuen or Illustrious Worthies and the Pah Yun or White Cloud sects. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. The first Chinese immigrant to the United Sta, boxer Alissa, Clarissa, kisser, Larissa, Marisa, Melissa, Orissa, reminiscer fixer, mixer, sixer convincer, mincer, pincer, rinser, wincer Amrits, White Lafitte Jos (Silvestre de los Dolores), White House Correspondents' Association Dinner 2006 Speech, White Hot: The Mysterious Murder of Thelma Todd, White Nights (Belye Nochi) by Fedor Dostoevskii, 1848, https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. A major contribution to the downfall of the last dynasty were external forces, in the form of new Western technologies, as well as a gross miscalculation on the part of the Qing as to the strength of European and Asian imperialistic ambitions. "Reluctant guerrillas in early nineteenth century China: the White Lotus insurgents and their suppressors. In 1896, Yan Fu translated Herbert Spencer's treatises on social Darwinism. Although the rebellion continued for nine years, it never became an organized attempt to establish a new dynasty. The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. A CHOICE OUTSTANDING ACADEMIC TITLE The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"uAtwiiQKDz3pej8tikjjXf8qtftBywxw48FuRjxp2JM-86400-0"}; In the late 18th century, in response to famine, crowded conditions, and harassment from petty government officials, White Lotus leaders in central China began a rebellion; they promised their followers that there would be the return of the Buddha and the end of suffering. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. Here, the White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. The calamitous Opium Wars seemed to prove that the alien ruling dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven and needed to be overthrown. If mathematical, chemical, physical and other formulas are not displayed correctly on this page, please useFirefox or Safari, For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Conscientious objection to military taxation, List of historical acts of tax resistance, National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee, The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest, Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty, Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet, Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, Banknotes of the Ta-Ching Government Bank, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. Corrections? Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. ThoughtCo. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under Mongol rule. View original page. White Lotus Rebellion, (17961804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (16441911/12). The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. A second major contributor was internal turmoil, expressed in a series of devastating rebellions beginning in 1794 with the White Lotus rebellion, and ending with the Boxer Rebellion of 18991901 and Wuchang Uprising of 19111912. [6] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). List of battleships of the United States Navy, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, http://www.scribd.com/doc/37359117/Bodycount-Final, http://books.google.com/books?id=Md801mHEeOkC&pg=PA9, History of Chinese Culture on History.com. ", McCaffrey, Cecily. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. In response, the Qing Empress Dowager Cixi clamped down hard on reformers. They are not like some external tribe . ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. As you might expect, the collapse of China's Qing dynasty was a long and complex process.